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Фиброаденоматозная гиперплазия молочных желез у кошек: причины, лечение
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Когда у кошки резко увеличивается одна молочная железа (или сразу несколько) – это повод бить тревогу. Но не все владельцы знают, что кроме опухолей и воспаления такое увеличение может вызывать редкое заболевание – фиброаденоматоз молочных желез.
При фиброаденоматозной гиперплазии происходит стремительное размножение клеток эпителия в протоках железы и увеличение соединительной ткани. При этом отек и увеличение молочной железы не сопровождается выделением молока.
Причины фиброаденомы
Чаще всего заболевание регистрируют у молодых некастрированных самок. Обычный возраст – от полугода до 7 лет, у пожилых животных более вероятны злокачественные опухоли молочных желез . Очевидно, что в развитии заболевания виновата деятельность половых гормонов и неадекватная реакция организма на них. Однако врачи до сих пор затрудняются сказать точно, что именно вызывает гипертрофию молочных желез.
Если кошку не сводят с котом, а течки проходят часто и бурно, это повод заподозрить гормональный дисбаланс. У таких животных фиброаденома молочной железы – не редкость. Заболевание также встречается у беременных кошек.
Причиной фиброаденоматоза может стать прием гормональных препаратов (контрацептивов). В таком случае заболевание иногда наблюдается даже у самцов. Нежелательное побочное действие в виде увеличения молочных желез есть у препаратов на основе медроксипрогестерон ацетата (инъекции Медро-Пет, Суппрестал, таблетки Перлутекс) и других средств для предотвращения половой охоты у кошек (Ковинан). Чем дольше животное получает гормональные препараты, тем выше риск развития фиброаденомы.
Если молочные железы увеличиваются у стерилизованной кошки, то это признак овариореминантного синдрома (ткани яичника были оставлены в организме и продолжают выделять гормоны).
Нет достоверных сведений о породной предрасположенности, но считается, что гиперплазия молочных желез часто встречается у сфинксов .
Клинические признаки
Заболевание развивается стремительно: молочные железы сильно увеличиваются в объеме за 2-4 недели. Они остаются мягкими и безболезненными при ощупывании, нет выделений из сосков. Ткани железы бугристые, отечные (тестоватые) и только при сильном увеличении становятся твердыми и напряженными.
При неблагоприятном варианте кожа натягивается так сильно, что не выдерживает напряжения и истончается, воспаляется, лопается. Выглядит это как язва. Если позволить кошке вылизывать больное место, в рану попадает инфекция. Тогда доброкачественная гипертрофия может переходить в абсцесс молочной железы.
Диагностика Обычно ветеринарный врач ставит диагноз только на основании клинических признаков и истории развития заболевания. Необходимо отличать доброкачественную гипертрофию молочных желез от злокачественных опухолей (карцинома, саркома). В сомнительных случаях из пораженного пакета берут биопсию для гистологического исследования.
В пользу фиброаденоматоза всегда будут говорить такие факторы:
молодой возраст животного; внезапное и быстрое развитие заболевания. Лечение
Тактика лечения зависит от предполагаемой причины возникновения фиброаденоматозной гиперплазии молочных желез. Если кошка получала гормональные контрацептивы, их немедленно отменяют.
Хороший лечебный эффект дает кастрация (овариоэктомия ). После оперативного вмешательства молочные железы постепенно уменьшаются и примерно через месяц возвращаются к нормальному состоянию. Также у ранее стерилизованных кошек при овариореминантном синдроме необходимо найти и удалить хирургическим путем ткани яичника.
Если железы увеличены настолько сильно, что хирург считает это противопоказанием к проведению оперативного вмешательства, перед стерилизацией проводят медикаментозное лечение. Лекарственная терапия также назначается, если есть противопоказания к наркозу или если владельцы планируют использовать кошку в племенном разведении.
Для лечения используют препарат аглепристон – инъекции Ализина в дозе 15 мг/кг подкожно на 1, 2, 8, 15-й день. Через месяц должно наступить значительное улучшение, если нет – уколы продолжают еще в течение месяца, 1 раз в неделю. Действие Ализина основано на его способности блокировать прогестероновые рецепторы.
Следует иметь в виду, что у беременных животных применение Ализина неминуемо приводит к абортированию плодов.
Если в молочных железах возникло воспаление (мастит, абсцессы), то в схему лечения добавляют системные антибиотики и местную обработку. Для предупреждения травмирования и саморазлизывания молочных желез на кошку надевают защитную попонку.
Хотя фиброаденоматозная гиперплазия молочных желез доставляет много беспокойства владельцам, обычно это заболевание не угрожает жизни любимицы. Иногда оно даже проходит самостоятельно без всякого лечения, хотя процесс выздоровления может затянуться на несколько месяцев.
Заключение Неопытные ветеринарные врачи могут настаивать на удалении разбухших молочных желез в дополнение к овариогистероэктомии. Иногда сами владельцы просят удалить «ужасную опухоль». Но в случае фиброаденоматозной гиперплазии хирургическое иссечение молочных желез не показано и не может считаться оправданным.
В качестве профилактики заболевания рекомендуется стерилизовать кошек, не участвующих в разведении. Хирургическое вмешательство предпочтительнее использования гормональных препаратов для предотвращения течки.