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Как лечить свищ у кошки? Советы по диагностике и лечению
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Одной из патологий у кошек, относящейся к разряду хирургических болезней, являются свищи. Свищ может образоваться в любом месте организма: как на коже, так и на внутренних органах.
Что такое свищ Свищом, если говорить простым языком, называют сквозное отверстие или узкий канал, который соединяется с полостью. Полость может быть любой – естественной или патологической.
К естественным полостям относят ротовую или брюшную полость, просвет кишечника, зубной канал и др. Паталогическая полость образуется в результате воспалительного процесса, на месте которого появляются участки абсцедирования, заполненные гнойным содержимым. Стенки свища изнутри состоят из клеток эпителия либо грануляций (патологические клетки, в норме не встречающиеся в организме кошки).
Причины появления свища у кошек Свищ может образоваться у кошки после оперативного вмешательства. По своему происхождению свищи делят на:
приобретенные, появившиеся в процессе жизнедеятельности; врожденные – образовались в результате нарушения внутриутробного развития. Свищевой канал врожденного свища выстлан обычными и здоровыми слизистыми клетками, при этом из свищевого отверстия выделяются секреты внутренней среды организма. Характер выделений зависит от места расположения самого сквозного отверстия, например, это может быть моча, слюна, желчь, фекалии и т. д.
Приобретенные свищи образуются в результате:
проникающего или сквозного ранения – при этом раны могут появиться как из-за внешнего воздействия (ранение колюще-режущим предметом, огнестрельное ранение), так и в результате повреждения тканей во внутренней среде организме; например, при переломе костей, когда часть отломка прорезает кожу изнутри; непреднамеренного повреждения тканей во время хирургического вмешательства; развития гнойного воспалительного процесса с омертвением окружающих тканей в глубоких слоях кожи; ярким примером служит свищ в ротовой полости в результате воспаления зубного канала при запущенном кариесе или пародонтозе. Кроме того, свищи могут появляться при неправильном, затянувшемся лечении абсцесса, фурункула и других заболеваний кожи .
Характерные признаки свища у кошек Как уже отмечалось в начале статьи, свищ представляет собой узкий канал, который может быть как длинным, так и коротким, быть прямым, изогнутым или даже с множественными ответвлениями.
Второй характерной особенность свища является постоянное вытекание из отверстия жидкости, содержащейся в полости. Жидкость может быть самой различной: как патологической (гнойный, слизистый экссудат), так и физиологической (молоко, слюна, моча и т. д.).
Третьей особенностью свища можно назвать отсутствие полного заживления.
Свищи по выстилающим его стенки клеткам делят на грануляционные и эпителизированные.
При грануляционном свище стенки всего свищевого хода имеют рыхлую консистенцию, а сами грануляции выходят за края свищевого отверстия, имея вид своеобразной розетки неправильной формы или розочки. Эпителизированный свищ – на всем протяжении канал выстлан ровной, гладкой и блестящей тканью. То есть стенки канала как бы регенерировали изнутри, но патологическая свищевая полость никуда не исчезает. При этом виде свища вокруг отверстия появляются участки облысения, шерсть загрязнена засохшим отделяемым, которое еще и вызывает постоянное раздражение верхних слоев кожи. Как поставить диагноз? Отличить обычное повреждение кожных покровов от свища сможет только ветеринарный специалист. Поэтому если у кошки имеется рана на коже, которая долго не заживает, животное стоит отвезти к ветврачу.
В ветклинике ветеринар по клиническим признакам, а также с помощью специальных методов исследования (зондирование) сможет диагностировать наличие свища у кошки.
Как лечить свищ Лечение свища самостоятельно не представляется возможным, так как терапия требует подчас хирургического вмешательства в стерильных условиях при помощи ножниц, скальпеля и иголки.
Лечение гранулирующего свища проходит в несколько этапов:
Необходимо ликвидировать очаг воспалительного процесса в самых глубоких слоях тканей. При этом обязательно удаляются инородные тела, мертвые (некротизированные) ткани, если таковые имеются. Создаются условия для лучшего оттока патологической жидкости. Отток должен производиться не только через свищевое отверстие, но и через вновь созданный дренажный канал. Все грануляции внутри канала, которые образовались в процессе развития патологического процесса, также удаляются с помощью специальной хирургической ложки с острыми краями. Полость свища промывают любым дезинфицирующим раствором (марганцовка, хлоргексидин, мирамистин, 40% спиртовой раствор и т. д.). Через свищевой канал в полость вводятся лекарственные мази – мазь Вишневского, мазь на основе диоксидина и другие, которые обладают заживляющим эффектом. Лечение эпителизированного свища сводится к ликвидации очага воспаления и удалению верхнего слоя свищевого канала.
Свищи, через которые выходят физиологические жидкости, зашивают по специальной методике.
Автор статьи: Марина Чупринина, ветеринарный врач, специализация паразитолог-бактериолог, специально для Кота Обормота .